(2019)
(2019). on day 7 following corneal suture placement. The video demonstrates interaction of pDCs with limbal vessels and alterations in the morphology of pDCs following suture CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate placement. Further the video highlights that pDCs engulf the vessels and actively extend their dendrites over the vessels. NIHMS1621802-supplement-3.mp4 (14M) GUID:?C2609505-E0AC-4F9A-90AF-E2CD09F7D396 4: Supplementary Video 4. Magnified multiphoton microscopy of limbus of transgenic DPE-GFPRAG1?/? mouse on day 7 following corneal suture placement. Magnified representative intravital microscopy of the limbus in a transgenic DPE-GFPRAG1?/? mouse with specifically GFP-tagged pDCs (green) receiving intravenous injection of quantum dots (red), on day 7 following corneal suture placement. The video Has2 highlights pDCs extending their dendrites over the vessels. NIHMS1621802-supplement-4.mp4 (14M) GUID:?6C7AC56D-EB98-46B0-BDDC-FDDB3C4C96FB 5: Supplementary Video 5. Multiphoton microscopy of limbus of transgenic DPE-GFPRAG1?/? mouse on day 7 following corneal suture placement. Representative intravital microscopy of the limbus in a transgenic DPE-GFPRAG1?/? mouse with specifically GFP-tagged pDCs (green) receiving intravenous injection of quantum dots (red), on day 7 following corneal suture placement. The video highlights patrolling movements of pDCs in limbal vessels and their morphologic alterations following induction of neovascularization by suture placement. NIHMS1621802-supplement-5.mp4 (12M) GUID:?EEE85A54-DEB5-439A-9ADC-49A79311244B Abstract Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow, and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. Nevertheless, while peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammations, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application, as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases. 1958). Considering that these cell clusters were later observed in T cell-associated (paracortical) areas of lymph nodes, and that electron microscopy studies indicated an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum resembling plasma cells (Muller-Hermelink 1973), Lennert later referred to them as T-associated plasma cells (Lennert 1975). The advent of immunostaining techniques later revealed that these cells expressed the T-helper (Th) marker CD4 (clones Leu-3a and OKT4), but lacked common T cell and B cell lineage markers; thus, they were described as plasmacytoid T cells (Feller 1983, Muller-Hermelink 1983, Papadimitriou 1983, Vollenweider 1983, Harris 1987). Yet, more extensive immunophenotyping revealed that these cells also expressed the myelomonocytic markers Ki-M6 and Ki-M7 (Horny 1987), and thus in 1988 Facchetti 1988). In 1997, Grouard 1997). Few months later, Olweus stimulation (Olweus 1997). In 1999, Rissoan cultures with na?ve CD4+ T cells demonstrated that they favored production of a Th2 cytokine profile in na?ve T cells, in contrast to monocytic precursors of myeloid (conventional or classical) DCs (cDCs), which promoted a Th1 response (Rissoan 1999). However, since further studies indicated that both cDCs and pDC2s were able to interact with both Th1 and Th2 cells (Boonstra 2003), the term plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) was more commonly used. Considering the importance of interferons (IFNs) in viral infections, in entirely independent line of studies, Trinchieri showed that an unknown type of lymphocytes isolated CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate from peripheral blood that did not belong to B or T cells, had a strong capacity to secrete IFNs (Trinchieri 1978). In fact, the majority of IFNs in.